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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov[b] (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by his alias Lenin,[c] was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed a subset of Marxism called Leninism. Born to an upper middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in the RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Following Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which, as a Marxist, he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime. Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty conceding territory to the Central Powers, and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Empire after 1917, but three were re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922. His health failing, Lenin died in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government. Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive historical figure, Lenin is viewed by his supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class. Meanwhile, Lenin's critics accuse him of establishing a totalitarian dictatorship which oversaw mass killings and political repression. Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood: 1870–1887 1.2 University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893 2 Revolutionary activity 2.1 Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900 2.2 Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905 2.3 Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1914 2.4 First World War: 1914–1917 2.5 February Revolution and the July Days: 1917 2.6 October Revolution: 1917 3 Lenin's government 3.1 Organising the Soviet government: 1917–1918 3.2 Social, legal, and economic reform: 1917–1918 3.3 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 1917–1918 3.4 Anti-Kulak campaigns, Cheka, and Red Terror: 1918–1922 3.5 Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War: 1918–1920 3.6 Comintern and world revolution: 1919–1920 3.7 Famine and the New Economic Policy: 1920–1922 3.8 Declining health and conflict with Stalin: 1920–1923 3.9 Death and funeral: 1923–1924 4 Political ideology 4.1 Marxism and Leninism 4.2 Democracy and the national question 5 Personal life and characteristics 6 Legacy 6.1 Within the Soviet Union 6.2 In the international communist movement 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin Childhood: 1870–1887

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ウラジーミル・イリイチ・ウリヤノフ[b](1870年4月22日[O.S. 10 April 10] - 1924年1月21日)は、レーニン[c]という別名でよく知られ、ロシアの革命家、政治家、政治理論家であった。彼は1917年から1924年までソビエトロシア政府、1922年から1924年までソビエト連邦の初代政府首脳を務めた。彼の政権下では、ロシアは、

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Vladimir Iliichi Ulyanov[b] (O.S. 10 April 10, 1870) - January 21, 1924, also known as Lenin[c], was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He was the Soviet Russian government from 1917 to 1924, and from 1922 to 1924 the first government of the Soviet Union

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ウラジーミル・イリイチ・ウリヤノフ(1870年4月10日、O.S.10 - 1924年1月21日、レーニン[c]としても知られる)は、ロシアの革命家、政治家、政治理論家である。彼は1917年から1924年までソビエトロシア政府であり、1922年から1924年までソビエト連邦の最初の政府でした

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Vladimir Ilyanikh Ulyanov (O.S.10, April 10, 1870 - January 21, 1924, also known as Lenin[c]) is a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the Soviet Russian government from 1917 to 1924 and the first of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924

INTO JAPANESE

ウラジーミル・イリヤニフ・ウリヤノフ(O.S.10, April 10, 1870 - 1924年1月21日、レーニン[c]としても知られる)は、ロシアの革命家、政治家、政治理論家である。彼は1917年から1924年までソビエトロシア政府であり、1922年から1924年までソビエト連邦の最初の政府でした

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Vladimir Ilyanif Ulyanov (O.S.10, April 10, 1870 - January 21, 1924, also known as Lenin [c]) is a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the Soviet Russian government from 1917 to 1924 and the first of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924

INTO JAPANESE

ウラジーミル・イリヤニフ・ウリヤノフ(O.S.10, April 10, 1870 - 1924年1月21日、レーニン[c]としても知られる)は、ロシアの革命家、政治家、政治理論家である。彼は1917年から1924年までソビエトロシア政府であり、1922年から1924年までソビエト連邦の最初の政府でした

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Vladimir Ilyanif Ulyanov (O.S.10, April 10, 1870 - January 21, 1924, also known as Lenin [c]) is a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the Soviet Russian government from 1917 to 1924 and the first of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924