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Understanding the consequences of species interactions is central to ecological and evolutionary research. My research focused on better understanding the evolutionary ecology of plant-herbivore interactions by asking two broad questions: 1) How do herbivores shape the composition and diversity of plant populations and communities? And, 2) How does genetic variation and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in herbivores influence plant ecology? To test the first question, I utilized long-term herbivore manipulations in the grasslands of Silwood Park, England. I tested ecological and evolutionary consequences of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) grazing on plant populations by collecting seeds from rabbit exclosures ranging in age from 4 months to >20 years and growing them in common environments. I found that rabbit exclusion caused evolution of multiple plant defensive traits in three plant species and influenced the costs and benefits of a mutualistic interaction between a grass and its fungal endophyte. In another experiment at Silwood Park I investigated how multiple groups of herbivores (rabbits, insects, and mollusks) and nutrient additions shaped plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity. I found that nitrogen addition strongly reduced species richness while rabbit grazing increased plant phylogenetic diversity. To test the second question, I conducted field experiments where I manipulated the genotypic composition of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) populations on two host plant species. I found that genetic variation in M. persicae had large impacts on plant growth, that M. persicae populations changed in genotype frequency (i.e. they evolved) over 5 generations, and that in some cases faster evolving populations had larger negative impacts on plant growth. Together these results demonstrate how herbivory can concurrently shape the ecology and evolution of plants at multiple levels of organization and that herbivore genetic variation and evolution can have important consequences on plant ecology.

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種相互作用の結果を理解することは、生態学的研究と進化研究の中心的な役割を果たす。私の研究は、植物と草食動物との相互作用の進化的生態学をより深く理解することに焦点を当てました。二つの大きな疑問を尋ねる：1）草食動物は植物の個体群とコミュニティの構成と多様性をどのように形作っていますか？そして、2）どのように

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To understand species interactions play a central role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on the deeper understanding of evolutionary ecology of interactions between plants and herbivores. Two big questions to ask: 1) herbivore's plant populations and communities

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種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的研究と進化研究において中心的な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物と草食動物の相互作用の進化的生態学のより深い理解に焦点を当てています。聞くべき2つの大きな質問：1）草食動物の植物集団とコミュニティ

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Understanding species interaction plays a central role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on a deeper understanding of the evolutionary ecology of plant and herbivorous interactions. Two big questions to hear: 1) a herbivorous plant group and community

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種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的および進化的研究において中心的な役割を果たす。私の研究は、植物と草食性の相互作用の進化的生態学の深い理解に焦点を当てています。聞くべき2つの大きな質問：1）草食植物グループとコミュニティ

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To understand species interactions play a pivotal role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on a deep understanding of the evolutionary ecology of interactions between plants and herbivorous. To hear two big questions: 1) herbivore plant groups and community

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的研究や進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は、植物と草食動物との間の相互作用の進化的生態学の深い理解に焦点を当てています。 2つの大きな質問を聞くには：1）草食動物植物グループとコミュニティ

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Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on a deep understanding of the evolutionary ecology of the interaction between plants and herbivores. To listen to two big questions: 1) herbivorous plant group and community

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的研究および進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物と草食動物の相互作用の進化的生態学の深い理解に焦点を当てています。 2つの大きな質問に耳を傾ける：1）草食性の植物グループとコミュニティ

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To understand species interactions play an important role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on the understanding of the evolutionary ecology of interactions between plants and herbivores. Listen to two major questions: 1) herbivore and plant groups and community

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的および進化的研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は、植物と草食動物との間の相互作用の進化的生態学の理解に焦点を当てています。 2つの大きな質問に耳を傾けます：1）草食動物と植物グループとコミュニティ

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To understand species interactions play an important role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on the understanding of the evolutionary ecology of interactions between plants and herbivores. Listen to two major questions: 1) a herbivorous animal and plant groups and community

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的および進化的研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は、植物と草食動物との間の相互作用の進化的生態学の理解に焦点を当てています。 2つの大きな質問に耳を傾けます：1）草食動物と植物グループとコミュニティ

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Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on the understanding of the evolutionary ecology of the interaction between plants and herbivores. Listen to the two big questions: 1) communicating with herbivores and plant groups

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学的研究および進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物と草食動物の相互作用の進化的生態学の理解に焦点を当てています。 2つの大きな質問に耳を傾けます：1）草食動物や植物群とのコミュニケーション

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To understand species interactions play an important role in ecological and evolutionary research. My research focuses on the understanding of the evolutionary ecology of plant-herbivore interactions. Listen to two major questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

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種を理解するには、相互作用は、生態や進化の研究で重要な役割を果たします。私の研究は植物-植食者の相互作用の進化生態学の理解に焦点を当てています。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

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To understand the species interaction plays an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is plant-herbivore interaction evolutionary ecology of understanding focuses. To listen to the two main questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

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種を理解するには、相互作用は生態学と進化の研究に重要な役割を果たしています。私の研究は、植相互作用進化生態学の焦点を理解することです。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

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To understand species interactions play an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on plant mutual interaction evolutionary ecology. To listen to the two main questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

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種を理解するには、相互作用は、生態学と進化の研究に重要な役割を果たします。私の研究は、植物間相互作用の進化生態学に焦点を理解することです。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

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To understand the species interaction plays an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on Evolutionary Ecology of plant interactions. To listen to the two main questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

INTO JAPANESE

種を理解するには、相互作用は生態学と進化の研究に重要な役割を果たしています。私の研究は、植物相互作用の進化生態に焦点を理解することです。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

BACK INTO ENGLISH

To understand species interactions play an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on Evolutionary Ecology of plant interactions. To listen to the two main questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

INTO JAPANESE

種を理解するには、相互作用は、生態学と進化の研究に重要な役割を果たします。私の研究は、植物相互作用の進化生態に焦点を理解することです。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

BACK INTO ENGLISH

To understand the species interaction plays an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on Evolutionary Ecology of plant interactions. To listen to the two main questions: 1) communication with grass-eating animals and plants

INTO JAPANESE

種を理解するには、相互作用は生態学と進化の研究に重要な役割を果たしています。私の研究は、植物相互作用の進化生態に焦点を理解することです。2 つの主要な質問に耳を傾ける: 1) 草を食べる動物や植物とのコミュニケーション

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To understand species, interaction plays an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on evolutionary ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) Communication with animals and plants to eat grass

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種を理解するために、相互作用は生態学と進化の研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物の相互作用の進化的生態学に焦点を当てることを理解することです。 2つの主な質問を聞いてください：1）草を食べるための動植物とのコミュニケーション

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To understand the species interaction plays an important role in the study of ecology and evolution. My research is to understand the focus on Evolutionary Ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) communicate with plants and animals eat grass

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学と進化の研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物の相互作用の進化的生態学に焦点を当てることを理解することです。 2つの主な質問に耳を傾けます：1）植物と動物とのコミュニケーションは草を食べる

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Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecology and evolution studies. My research is to understand that it focuses on the evolutionary ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) Communication between plants and animals eats grass

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学と進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物の相互作用の進化的生態学に焦点を当てていることを理解することです。 2つの主な質問に耳を傾けてください：1）植物と動物とのコミュニケーションは草を食べる

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecology and evolutionary research. My research is to understand that it focuses on the evolutionary ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) Communication between plants and animals requires grass

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学と進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物の相互作用の進化的生態学に焦点を当てていることを理解することです。 2つの主な質問に耳を傾けます：1）植物と動物のコミュニケーションには草が必要です

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecology and evolutionary research. My research is to understand that it focuses on the evolutionary ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) Plants and animals need grass for communication

INTO JAPANESE

種の相互作用を理解することは、生態学と進化研究において重要な役割を果たす。私の研究は植物の相互作用の進化的生態学に焦点を当てていることを理解することです。 2つの主な質問に耳を傾ける：1）植物と動物はコミュニケーションのために草が必要

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Understanding species interaction plays an important role in ecology and evolutionary research. My research is to understand that it focuses on the evolutionary ecology of plant interactions. Listen to the two main questions: 1) Plants and animals need grass for communication