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Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.[1] While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE.[2] Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.[3] Owing to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.[4] Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator.[5] The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization.[6] Translation studies systematically study the theory and practice of translation.[7]

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翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを用いてソース言語テキストの意味のコミュニケーションである。[1]書き込み異なる言語-antedatesのユーザ間で口頭または手話コミュニケーションの促進、通訳が、翻訳だけ書かれた文献の出現後に始まりました。第二千年紀のBCEの南西アジア言語にギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩（約2000 BCE）の部分の翻訳が存在する。[2]翻訳者は常に私を危険にさらします

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Translation is a communication of the meaning of the source language text by using the text of the equivalent target language. [1] Promotion of writing different language oral or sign language communication between users of -antedates, interpreter, began after the appearance of the translation only written literature. Is a translation exist part of the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh to southwest Asia language of the second millennium BCE (about 2000 BCE). [2] translator

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翻訳は同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口または-antedatesのユーザ間で手話コミュニケーション異なる言語を書くの推進、インタプリタは、翻訳だけで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。第二千年紀のBCE（約2000 BCE）の南西アジア言語にギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩の一部を翻訳存在しています。 [2]トランスレータ

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation uses the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] Promotion of writing sign language communication in different languages ​​between oral or -antedates of the user, the interpreter, began after the appearance of literature written in the translation only. The part of the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh to the second millennium of the southwest Asian language of BCE (about 2000 BCE) translation exist

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、インタプリタの-antedates間の異なる言語での書き込み手話コミュニケーションの推進は、翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCE（約2000 BCE）の南西アジア言語の第二千年紀にギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩の一部翻訳が存在します

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, the promotion of writing sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpreter, began only after the appearance of literature written in the translation. BCE some translation of the second millennium BC to the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh of southwest Asian language (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザーは、通訳の-antedates間の異なる言語で手話コミュニケーションを書くの推進は、翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCE南西アジア言語のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩に第二千年紀のいくつかの翻訳（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote writing sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpreters, it began only after the appearance of literature written in the translation. Some of the translation of the second millennium BC to the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh of BCE southwest Asian language (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、通訳の-antedates間の異なる言語で手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEのギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語への第二千年紀の翻訳の一部（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. Part of the second millennium of the translation of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of BCE (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEのギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の翻訳の第二千年紀の一部（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. The second millennium of the part of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language translation of Gilgamesh of BCE (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEのギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の翻訳の一部の第二千年紀（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. Part of the second millennium of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of BCE translation (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCE翻訳のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の第二千年紀の一部（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. BCE second millennium of the part of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of translation (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。翻訳のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の一部のBCE第二千年紀（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. Part of the BCE the second millennium of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of translation (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEの一部翻訳のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の第二千年紀（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. The second millennium of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of some translation of BCE (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEのいくつかの翻訳のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の第二千年紀（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. Some of the second millennium of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of the translation of BCE (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。 BCEの翻訳のギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の第二千年紀の一部（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. The second millennium of the part of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of BCE of translation (about 2000 BCE)

INTO JAPANESE

翻訳は、同等ターゲット言語のテキストを使用して、ソース言語のテキストの意味のコミュニケーションです。 【1】経口またはユーザ、解釈の-antedates間の異なる言語での手話コミュニケーションを書い促進、それは翻訳のみで書かれた文学の出現後に始まりました。翻訳のBCEのギルガメシュのシュメール叙事詩南西アジア言語の一部の第二千年紀（約2000 BCE）

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Translation, using the text of the equivalent target language, is the communication of the meaning of the text of the source language. [1] oral or user, promote wrote a sign language communication in different languages ​​between -antedates of interpretation, it began after the appearance of the literature that was written only in the translation. The second millennium of the part of the Sumerian epic southwest Asian language of Gilgamesh of BCE of translation (about 2000 BCE)