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NGO-isation refers to the capacity of so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to depoliticize discourses and practices of social movements. The term has been used by a few authors, including the Indian writer Arundhati Roy, who speaks about the NGO-isation of resistance, and more generally, about the NGO-isation of politics. Across the world, the number of internationally operating NGOs is around 40,000. The number of national NGOs in countries is higher, with around 1-2 million NGOs in India and 277,000 NGOs in Russia.[1] More precisely, NGO-isation is a process resulting from neoliberal globalization.[2] It consists of the flourishing of NGOs founded on issue-specific interventions [3] associated with the rising centrality of civil society [4] where NGOs are in charge of social services that used to be fulfilled by the public sector.[5] As a result, some have described this process as an outworking of foreign policy (from countries in the Global North) that is redefining the relationships (in the Global South) between society, the state and external actors.[6] From a political point of view, NGOs are sometimes referred to as a third sector that has the capacity to balance the power of the state. The broadening of the political configuration suggests a better governance [7] where NGOs are enabling a real “bottom-up democracy” [8] that promotes pluralism [9] and the development of a civil society.[10] Joseph Stiglitz referred to this process as the emergence of a “post-Washington consensus”.[11] From an economic point of view, some have argued that NGOs are able to provide social welfare services to the most vulnerable “at lower cost and higher standards of quality than government”.[12] However, many scholars have been very critical towards the process of NGO-ization as the case studies below suggest. Indeed, some argue that the disadvantaged communities that supposedly benefit from the services of NGOs are first and foremost “the products of neoliberal policies expressed in privatization and decentralization of state institutions”.[13] In addition, some scholars have argued that NGOs represent a new kind of dependency on countries from the Global North and stand as a form of neocolonialism towards countries from the Global South.[14] Similarly, there are on-going debates concerning the actual interests and legitimacy of NGOs considering their links to the states that funded them in the Global North.[15] For this purpose, the social scientist Sangeeta Kamat pointed out that “NGO's dependence on external funding and compliance with funding agency targets raise doubts about whether their accountability lies with the people or with the funding agencies” [16]

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NGO 捲っては社会的言説のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の容量および社会的な動きの練習を指します。用語は、抵抗の NGO 捲っておよびもっと一般に、政治の NGO 捲ってについて話すアルンダティ ・ ロイのインドの作家を含む、いくつかの著者によって使用されています。この世間で

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Defiant NGO refers to the exercise of the capacity of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Used by a number of authors, including writer Arundhati Roy discussing the defiant resistance of NGOS, and more generally, defiant political NGOS India

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反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) と社会運動の能力の運動を指します。著者、作家アルンダティ ・ ロイ、NGO の挑戦的な抵抗を議論を含む数によって使用されるより一般的に、反抗的な政治 NGO インド

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Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. The author, is used by a number of challenging resistance of Arundhati Roy, and NGOS including discussion more generally, rebellious political NGO India

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反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の動きと社会の動きを指します。著者は、アルンダティ ・ ロイと NGO の議論を含むより一般的に、反抗的な政治 NGO インドの挑戦的な抵抗の数によって使用されます。

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Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Author is used by a number of challenging resistance of the rebellious political NGOS in General, Arundhati Roy and NGO discussion, including India.

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反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の動きと社会の動きを指します。著者は、反抗的な政治 NGO の抵抗を一般的に挑戦、アルンダティ ・ ロイと NGO については、インドを含む数によって使用されます。

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Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Author challenges the General resistance of a rebellious political NGOS, will be used by the number of Arundhati Roy and NGOS, including India.

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反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の動きと社会の動きを指します。著者は、反抗的な政治 NGO の一般的な抵抗に挑戦、アルンダティ ・ ロイとインドを含む NGO の数によって使用されます。

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Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Author challenged the General resistance of a rebellious political NGOS, will be used by a number of NGOS, including Arundhati Roy and India.

INTO JAPANESE

反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の動きと社会の動きを指します。著者は、反抗的な政治 NGO の一般的な抵抗に挑戦、アルンダティ ・ ロイやインドなど NGO の数によって使用されます。

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Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Author challenged the General resistance of a rebellious political NGOS, will be used by a number of NGOS, such as Arundhati Roy, India.

INTO JAPANESE

反抗的な NGO は、社会的な会話のいわゆる非政府組織 (Ngo) の動きと社会の動きを指します。著者は、反抗的な政治 NGO の一般的な抵抗に挑戦、アルンダティ ロイ、インドなどの NGO の数によって使用されます。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Rebellious NGO refers to the movement of the social discourse so-called non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movements. Author challenged the General resistance of a rebellious political NGOS, will be used by a number of NGOS, such as Arundhati Roy, India.