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Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to communication by land. This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange. Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. An oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility, an armed and self-governing association in the medieval commune(4): here independent urban republic (as in Italy and Germany); there taxable “third estate” of the monarchy (as in France); afterwards, in the period of manufacturing proper, serving either the semi-feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise against the nobility, and, in fact, cornerstone of the great monarchies in general, the bourgeoisie has at last, since the establishment of Modern Industry and of the world market, conquered for itself, in the modern representative State, exclusive political sway. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part. The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his “natural superiors”, and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment”. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that single, unconscionable freedom — Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation. The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.

INTO JAPANESE

近代産業は、アメリカの発見の道を開いた世界市場を確立しています。この市場は、土地によるコミュニケーションへのナビゲーションに商取引に広大な開発を与えています。この開発は、そのターンに、工業の拡張に反応します。産業、商業、ナビゲーション、拡張で鉄道として割合で、

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Modern industry has established the world market paved the way for the discovery of America. This market has given an immense development to Commerce navigation to communication by land. This development responds to the industrial expansion in its turn. Industry, trade and navigation

INTO JAPANESE

近代産業は、アメリカの発見の糸口と世界市場を確立しています。この市場は、土地によって通信する Commerce ナビゲーション広大な開発を与えています。この開発は、そのターンで産業の拡大に応答します。産業、貿易および運行

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Modern industry has established the clue to the discovery of America and the world market. This market is giving Commerce navigation vast development to communication by land. This development responds to the expansion of industry in its turn. Industry, trade and navigation

INTO JAPANESE

近代産業は、アメリカと世界市場の発見の端緒を確立しています。この市場は、土地によって通信する Commerce ナビゲーション広大な開発を与えています。この開発は、そのターンで業界の拡大に応答します。産業、貿易および運行

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Modern industry has established the beginning of the discovery of America and the world market. This market is giving Commerce navigation vast development to communication by land. This development responds to the expansion of the industry in its turn. Industry, trade and navigation

INTO JAPANESE

近代産業は、アメリカと世界市場の発見の初めを確立しています。この市場は、土地によって通信する Commerce ナビゲーション広大な開発を与えています。この開発は、そのターンで業界の拡大に応答します。産業、貿易および運行

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Modern industry has established the beginning of the discovery of America and the world market. This market is giving Commerce navigation vast development to communication by land. This development responds to the expansion of the industry in its turn. Industry, trade and navigation