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Electrocochleography From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with ECoG or ECG. Electrocochleography (abbreviated ECochG or ECOG) is a technique of recording electrical potentials generated in the inner ear and auditory nerve in response to sound stimulation, using an electrode placed in the ear canal or tympanic membrane. The test is performed by an otologist or audiologist with specialized training, and is used for detection of elevated inner ear pressure (endolymphatic hydrops) or for the testing and monitoring of inner ear and auditory nerve function during surgery.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Clinical applications 2 Cochlear physiology 2.1 Cochlear potentials 3 Procedure and recording parameters 4 Interpretation of results 5 History 6 See also 7 References Clinical applications[edit] The most common clinical applications of electrocochleography include: Objective identification and monitoring of Ménière's disease and endolymphatic hydrops (EH) Intraoperative monitoring of auditory system function during surgery on the brainstem or cerebellum Enhancement of Wave I of the auditory brainstem response, particularly in patients who are hard of hearing[1] Diagnosis of auditory neuropathy Cochlear physiology[edit] See also: Cochlea and Hair cell Human ear anatomy, with the cochlea "uncoiled" showing frequency mapping to different regions of the basilar membrane. Cross-sectional view of the organ of Corti within the cochlea. The basilar membrane is labeled "basilar fiber." The basilar membrane and the hair cells of the cochlea function as a sharply tuned frequency analyzer.[2] Sound is transmitted to the inner ear via vibration of the tympanic membrane, leading to movement of the middle ear bones (malleus, incus, and stapes). Movement of the stapes on the oval window generates a pressure wave in the perilymph within the cochlea, causing the basilar membrane to vibrate. Sounds of different frequencies vibrate different parts of the basilar membrane, and the point of maximal vibration amplitude depends on the sound frequency.[3] As the basilar membrane vibrates, the hair cells attached to this membrane are rhythmically pushed up against the tectorial membrane, bending the hair cell stereocilia. This opens mechanically gated ion channels on the hair cell, allowing influx of potassium (K+) and calcium(Ca2+) ions. The flow of ions generates an AC current through the hair cell surface, at the same frequency as the acoustic stimulus. This measurable AC voltage is called the cochlear microphonic (CM), which mimics the stimulus. The hair cells function as a transducer, converting the mechanical movement of the basilar membrane into electrical voltage, in a process requiring ATP from the stria vascularis as an energy source. The depolarized hair cell releases neurotransmitters across a synapse to primary auditory neurons of the spiral ganglion. Upon reaching receptors on the postsynaptic spiral ganglion neurons, the neurotransmitters induce a postsynaptic potential or generator potential in the neuronal projections. When a certain threshold potential is reached, the spiral ganglion neuron fires an action potential, which enters the auditory processing pathway of the brain. Cochlear potentials[edit] A resting endolymphatic potential of a normal cochlea is + 80 mV. There are at least 3 other potentials generated upon cochlear stimulation: Cochlear microphonic (CM) Summating potential (SP) Action potential (AP) As described above, the cochlear microphonic (CM) is an alternating current (AC) voltage that mirrors the waveform of the acoustic stimulus. It is dominated by the outer hair cells of the organ of Corti. The magnitude of the recording is dependent on the proximity of the recording electrodes to the hair cells. The CM is proportional to the displacement of the basilar membrane.[3] The summating potential (SP), first described by Tasaki et al. in 1954, is the direct current (DC) response of the hair cells as they move in conjunction with the basilar membrane.[4] The SP is the stimulus-related potential of the cochlea. Although historically it has been the least studied, renewed interest has surfaced due to changes in the SP reported in cases of endolymphatic hydrops or Ménière's disease. The auditory nerve action potential is the most widely studied component in ECochG. The AP represents the summed response of the synchronous firing of the nerve fibers. It also appears as an AC voltage. The first and largest wave (N1) is identical to wave I of auditory brainstem response (ABR). Following this is N2, which is identical to wave II of the ABR. The magnitude of the action potential reflects the number of fibers that are firing. The latency of the AP is measured as the time between the onset and the peak of the N1 wave. Procedure and recording parameters[edit] ECochG can be performed with either invasive or non-invasive electrodes. Invasive electrodes, such as transtympanic (TT) needles, give clearer, more robust electrical responses (with larger amplitudes) since the electrodes are very close to the voltage generators. The needle is placed on the promontory wall of the middle ear and the round window. Non-invasive, or extratympanic (ET), electrodes have the advantage of not causing pain or discomfort to the patient. Unlike with invasive electrodes, there is no need for sedation, anesthesia, or medical supervision. The responses, however, are smaller in magnitude. Auditory stimuli in the form of broadband clicks 100 microseconds in duration are used. The stimulus polarity can be rarefaction polarity, condensation polarity, or alternating polarity. Signals are recorded from a primary recording (non-inverted) electrode located in the ear canal, tympanic membrane, or promontory (depending on type of electrode used). Reference (inverting) electrodes can be placed on the contralateral earlobe, mastoid, or ear canal. The signal is processed, including signal amplification (by as much as a factor 100000 for extratympanic electrode recordings), noise filtration, and signal averaging. A band-pass filter from 10 Hz to 1.5 kHz is often used.

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蝸電図法からウィキペディア、フリー百科事典の ECoG や心電図と混同しないように。 蝸電図法 (略称 ECochG または ECOG) は、外耳道または鼓膜に置かれた電極を使用する内耳と音刺激への応答で聴覚神経の電位を記録する手法です。テスト

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From electrocochleography do not confuse ECG and ECoG in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviation or ECOG) is the method for documenting the potential of the auditory nerve in response to Visual and auditory using electrodes placed in the ear canal or eardrum to the inner ear. Test

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蝸電図法から混同しないでください心電図とウィキペディアの ECoG、フリー百科事典 『 蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) は視覚的に反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道や鼓膜、内耳に電極を用いた聴覚を文書化するためのメソッドです。テスト

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Please do not confuse electrocochleography from ECoG ECG and Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) is the method for documenting the visually using the electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal, eardrum and inner ear hearing. Test

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ECoG 心電図からウィキペディア フリー百科事典"蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) は電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳の聴覚を視覚的に使用を文書化するためのメソッド蝸電図法を混同しないでください。テスト

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"混同しないよう視覚的に電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳聴覚法蝸電図法蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) の使用を文書化するため。テスト

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "for not to confuse visually documenting the use of electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal, eardrum and inner ear hearing Act 蝸 electric projection electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG). Test

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"の電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳の聴覚法蝸電子投影蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) の使用を視覚的に記録を混同しないように。テスト

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "of using the electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal, eardrum and inner ear hearing method 蝸 electronic projection electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) do not confuse records visually. Test

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"の電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道を使用すると、鼓膜と内耳の聴覚法蝸電子投影蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) を混同しないでくださいレコード視覚的に。テスト

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "of should not be confused with electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal, eardrum and inner ear hearing of 蝸 electronic projection electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) to a Visual record. Test

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"の電極反応聴覚神経潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳の聴力蝸電子投影蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 視覚的に記録すると混同すべきではないです。テスト

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"の電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳の聴覚電子投影蝸蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 録画ではないと混同されるべきではないです。テスト

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳の聴覚電子投影蝸を記録していないの蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) と混同しないで。テスト

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) とは混同しないように記録して電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜と内耳を聞いて電子投影蝸テスト。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal, eardrum and inner ear to hear the recording should not be confused with electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG), electronic projection 蝸 test.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"電極反応聴覚神経の潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳、録音を聞くない蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) と混同すべき電子投影蝸テスト。

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"と混同する必要があります電極反応聴覚神経潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳、蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸テストのない記録を聞きます。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "and the electrode reaction auditory nerve potential ear canal should be confused, eardrum and inner ear, hears electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 test record.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"と電極反応の聴覚神経の混同すべき潜在的な外耳道、鼓膜、内耳、聞く蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸レコードをテストします。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "and auditory nerve electrode reaction one should confuse a potential Canal, eardrum and inner ear test listen electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 records.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"と潜在的な運河、鼓膜と内耳テスト耳蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸レコード 1 つ聴覚神経電極反応を混同する必要があります。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "and a potential Canal, eardrum and inner ear test ear electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 record one to confuse the auditory nerve electrode reactions should be.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"と潜在的な運河、鼓膜と内耳テスト耳蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸は反応すべき聴覚神経電極を混乱させる 1 つを記録。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "and a potential Canal, eardrum and inner ear test ear electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 record to disrupt the auditory nerve electrode should react to one.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"と聴覚神経電極を混乱させる潜在的な運河、鼓膜と内耳テスト耳蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸レコードは 1 つに反応する必要があります。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia "and disrupt the auditory nerve electrode potential Canal, tympanic membrane and must react to one ear test ear electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 records.

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ECoG ウィキペディア フリー百科事典"、聴覚神経電極の潜在的な運河、鼓膜を中断させ、片方の耳テスト耳蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸レコードに対応する必要があります。

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ECoG Wikipedia the free encyclopedia ", may have interrupted the hearing nerve electrode potential Canal, eardrum, corresponding to one ear test ear electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 records.

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ECoG ウィキペディア、無料の百科事典", 聴覚神経電極潜在的な運河、鼓膜、片方の耳テスト耳蝸電図法 (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影蝸レコードに対応するを中断可能性があります。

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ECoG-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ", corresponding to the auditory nerve electrode potential Canal, eardrum, one ear test ear electrocochleography (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection 蝸 record may be suspended.

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ECoG-フリー百科事典 "、聴覚神経電極電位に対応Canal、鼓膜、耳耳電気検診（ECochG略語またはECOG）電子投影º記録は中断することがあります。

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ECoG-, the free encyclopedia ", auditory nerve electrode potentials, for Canal and tympanic membrane ear ear electrical screening (ECochG abbreviations or ECOG) electronic projection º may break a record.

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ECoG-、無料の百科事典"、聴覚神経電極電位の運河と鼓膜耳耳電気スクリーニング (ECochG 略語または ECOG) 電子投影 º は記録を破る可能性がありますの。