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Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. "space"), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space qua extension" in the Discourse on Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen.[2] Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space.[3] Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective "pure a priori form of intuition". In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space.[4] Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidea geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

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性質、本質、古代; に戻って日付を空間の存在のモードに関する議論すなわち、彼の反射でギリシア人が khôra (すなわち「空間」) と呼ばれるものや物理のアリストテレス (本 IV、デルタ) トポスの定義プラトンのティマイオスやソクラテスのような論文を (すなわち配置)、または後に"幾何学的な概念

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Nature, nature, ancient; In papers such as Socrates and Aristotle back the date, in a reflection of the discussions on the mode of existence of a space that is, he called Greeks khôra (i.e. space) and Physics (book IV, Delta) topos definition Plato's Timaeus (i.e.

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自然、自然、古代;論文でソクラテスとアリストテレスのバックアップ、日付などスペースの存在のモードについての議論の反射では、彼と呼ばれるギリシア人の khôra (すなわちスペース) 物理 (デルタ IV、書籍) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオス (すなわち

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Nature, nature, ancient; khôra (i.e. space) of the Greeks in the papers called him in the reflection of a discussion about the mode of existence of Socrates and Aristotle's backup, date, space physics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus (i.e.

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自然、自然、古代;論文のギリシャ人の khôra (すなわち空間) と呼ばれる彼ソクラテスとアリストテレスのバックアップ、日付、宇宙物理 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオスの存在のモードについての議論の反射 (すなわち

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Nature, nature, ancient; he called Greece's article khôra (i.e. space) of Socrates and Aristotle's backup, date, reflection of the discussion about the mode of existence of Cosmic Physics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus (i.e.

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自然、自然、古代;彼は (すなわち、ソクラテスとアリストテレスのバックアップ、日付、宇宙物理学 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオスの存在のモードについての反射のギリシャの記事 khôra (すなわち空間) と呼ばれる

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Nature, nature, ancient; he is (i.e., Socrates and Aristotle's backup, date, is referred to as reflection on the modes of existence of Astrophysics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus Greece article khôra (i.e. space)

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自然、自然、古代;彼は (すなわち、ソクラテス、アリストテレスのバックアップ, 日付, 天体物理学 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオス ギリシャの記事 khôra (すなわち空間) の存在のモードの反射と呼ばれます

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Nature, nature, ancient; he is (i.e., Socrates, and Aristotle's backup, date, is called a reflection of the modes of existence of Astrophysics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus Greece article khôra (i.e. space)

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自然、自然、古代;彼は (すなわち、ソクラテス、アリストテレスのバックアップ, 日付, 天体物理学 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオス ギリシャの記事 khôra (すなわち空間) の存在のモードのリフレクションと呼ばれます

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Nature, nature, ancient; he (i.e., Socrates, and Aristotle's backup, date, known as a reflection of the modes of existence of Astrophysics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus Greece article khôra (i.e. space)

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自然、自然、古代;彼 (すなわち、ソクラテス、アリストテレスのバックアップ、日付、天体物理学 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオス ギリシャの記事 khôra (すなわち空間) の存在のモードの反射として知られています。

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Nature, nature, ancient; his (i.e., Socrates, and Aristotle's backup, date, is known as a reflection of the modes of existence of Astrophysics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus Greece article khôra (i.e. space).

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自然、自然、古代;彼 (すなわち、ソクラテス、アリストテレスのバックアップ, 日付, 天体物理学 (デルタ IV、予約) トポス定義プラトンのティマイオス ギリシャの記事 khôra (すなわち空間) の存在のモードの反射として知られています。

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Nature, nature, ancient; his (i.e., Socrates, and Aristotle's backup, date, is known as a reflection of the modes of existence of Astrophysics (Delta IV, book) topos definition Plato's Timaeus Greece article khôra (i.e. space).