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Count Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) was a Russian novelist and philosopher. Of a noble family, he was orphaned at nine and raised by aunts. He left the university without a degree and returned to his family estate, where he tried to help and educate the serfs. After a squandering interval in Moscow and St. Petersburg, he joined his brother, an officer, in the Caucasus. After leaving the military, he lived by turns on his estate and in St. Petersburg. In 1862 he married Sophia, a young, well-educated girl, who bore him 13 children. War and Peace, his first masterpiece, appeared in 1863-1869. An epic of the Napoleonic invasion, it illuminates Tolstoy's vision that history proceeds inescapably to its own ends. Anna Karenina (1875-77), his second masterwork, is a tragedy of adultery with insightful social and spiritual components. In 1876 Tolstoy experienced a crisis culminating in his conversion to a doctrine of Christian love, nonviolent recognition of evil, and repudiation of wealth. He devoted the rest of his life to practicing and transmitting his faith, illustrated in such works as What I Believe (1884). He judged erroneous such establishments as the government and church; he was excommunicated in 1901, but his notoriety protected him from severe state obstruction. Moral issues are dominant to his later works, especially "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1886), a story; The Power of Darkness (1886), a drama; and the novel Resurrection (1899). In the essay “What Is Art?” (1898) he reasoned that the artist is morally obligated to produce works comprehensible to most people, and criticized his own earlier works. In 1910 a rift with his family prompted Tolstoy to leave home; he died a few days later.

INTO JAPANESE

トルストイ（1828-1910）はロシアの小説家や哲学者だった数。貴族の中で、彼は9で孤立したと叔母が提起しました。彼は学位なしで大学を去り、彼は助けと農奴を教育しようとした彼の家族の財産に戻りました。モスクワとサンクトペテルブルクの浪費間隔の後、彼は彼の兄弟、役員、私が参加しました

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Tolstoy (1828-1910) the number was a Russian novelist and philosopher. Among the aristocracy, he was raised aunt and was orphaned at 9. He left the university without a degree, he returned to the property of his family, which was trying to educate the help and serfs. After Moscow and waste interval of St. Petersburg

INTO JAPANESE

トルストイ（1828-1910）の数は、ロシアの小説家や哲学者でした。貴族の中で、彼は叔母を上げ、9で孤立した彼は学位なしで大学を去った、彼は助けと農奴を教育しようとしていた彼の家族の財産、に戻りました。サンクトペテルブルクのモスクワと廃棄物の間隔の後