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Abandoned agricultural lands often have distinct plant communities from areas with no history of agriculture because plant species fail to recolonize. This may be due to dispersal limitation from a lack of seeds, or establishment limitation because of unsuitable environmental conditions. However, few experiments have directly tested how restoration activities may overcome these limitations. We studied longleaf pine savannas in South Carolina abandoned from agriculture >60 years ago that were immediately adjacent to remnant habitats (areas with no history of agriculture). Using 27 sites, we conducted a factorial experiment that sowed seeds of 12 species indicative of remnant communities and conducted restoration thinning of overstorey trees in half of 126, 1-ha patches to mimic canopy density of natural savannas. We also established vegetation transects to examine if restoration promotes spread of remnant species into post-agricultural areas. We found strong evidence for dispersal limitation in post-agricultural areas as over 99% of the occurrences of our focal species were in seed addition plots. Seed additions increased total species richness by 27%. Restoration thinning increased establishment in seed addition plots (measured as richness of sown species) by 126% and increased total richness by 88%. Restoration thinning also increased seed production in remnant habitats by an average of 6506% across our focal species. However, after 4 years, restoration thinning did not facilitate the natural spread of remnant species into adjacent post-agricultural sites. Synthesis and applications. We show that both dispersal and establishment limitation are key factors causing some plant species to be absent from post-agricultural sites. Dense canopy conditions limit seed production in remnant habitats and reduce establishment in post agricultural areas. Restoration thinning helps overcome these limitations and should facilitate the natural spread of species from remnant habitats but natural recovery may still be slow. Our results suggest that accelerating the recovery of post-agricultural habitats will require active restoration that reduces dispersal limitation (seed additions) and reinstates appropriate ecological conditions.

INTO JAPANESE

植物を根こそぎ怠って放棄された農地頻繁農業の歴史の分野から明瞭な植物群落があります。これは、不適切な環境条件のため、種子の不足から分散制限や設置制限のためかもしれません。ただし、いくつかの実験を直接テストしてどのように修復

BACK INTO ENGLISH

History of neglected plants uprooted, abandoned farmland often agricultural fields from distinct plant communities. This is inappropriate environmental conditions for the from lack of seeds for distribution and installation restrictions. However, some experiments directly test and how to repair

INTO JAPANESE

放置された植物の歴史は根こそぎになった、異なる植物群落からしばしば農地農地を放棄します。これは、不適切な環境条件、配布およびインストールの制限のための種子の不足。ただし、いくつか実験直接テストおよび修復する方法

BACK INTO ENGLISH

History of the abandoned plants from different plant communities were uprooted, often abandon farmland farmland. This lack of seed due to improper environmental conditions, distribution and installation restrictions. However, some experiments directly test and repair methods

INTO JAPANESE

異なる植物群落から放棄された植物の歴史、根こそぎ、しばしば農地農地を放棄します。この不適切な環境条件により種子の欠如の配布とインストールの制限。ただし、いくつかの実験は直接テストし、修復の方法

BACK INTO ENGLISH

History of the plant was abandoned from different plant communities, uprooted, often abandoned farmland farmland. This inappropriate environmental conditions with lack of seed distribution and installation restrictions. However, some experiments directly test and repair method

INTO JAPANESE

植物の歴史の異なる植物群落から放棄された、根こそぎ、しばしば農地農地を放棄します。この不適切な環境条件で種子の配布とインストールの制限の欠乏。ただし、いくつかの実験の直接テストおよび修復方法

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Uprooted from history of the plants of different plant communities abandoned the often abandoned farmland farmland. This inappropriate environmental conditions with lack of seed distribution and installation restrictions. However, some experiments directly test and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

根こそぎコミュニティの別の植物の植物の歴史からしばしば耕作放棄地農地が放棄されて。この不適切な環境条件で種子の配布とインストールの制限の欠乏。ただし、いくつかの実験は、直接テストし、修復の方法。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Often cultivation abandoned farmland is abandoned from the plant history of another plant in the upcoming community. Inadequate environmental conditions lack of seed distribution and installation restrictions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

今後のコミュニティの別の植物の植物の歴史からしばしば耕作放棄農地が放棄されます。種子の配布とインストールの制限の欠如、不十分な環境条件。ただし、いくつかの実験は、直接テストし、修復の方法。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

Frequently abandoned cultivation abandoned farmland is abandoned from the plant history of another plant of the future community. Lack of seed distribution and installation restrictions, insufficient environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された耕作放棄された農地は、将来の共同体の別の工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。シードの配布と設置の制限、環境条件の不足。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the factory history of another factory in the future community. Restrictions on seed distribution and installation, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄された農地は、将来の共同体の工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。種子の分布と設置、環境条件の欠如に関する制限。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the history of factories in future community factories. Restrictions on distribution and installation of seeds, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄された農地は、将来のコミュニティ工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。種子の分布と設置の制限、環境条件の欠如。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the factory history of the future community factory. Seed distribution and installation restrictions, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄農地は将来のコミュニティ工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。シードの配布とインストールの制限、環境条件の欠如。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the history of the factory of the future community factory. Distribution of seeds and installation restrictions, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄された農地は、将来のコミュニティ工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。種子の分布と設置制限、環境条件の欠如。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the factory history of the future community factory. Seed distribution and installation restrictions, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄農地は将来のコミュニティ工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。シードの配布とインストールの制限、環境条件の欠如。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。

BACK INTO ENGLISH

In many cases abandoned abandoned farmland will be abandoned from the history of the factory of the future community factory. Distribution of seeds and installation restrictions, lack of environmental conditions. However, some experiments are directly tested and repair methods.

INTO JAPANESE

多くの場合、放棄された放棄された農地は、将来のコミュニティ工場の工場の歴史から放棄されます。種子の分布と設置制限、環境条件の欠如。しかしながら、いくつかの実験は直接試験され、修復方法である。